Appendix FM is the part of the UK Immigration Rules governing applications to enter or remain in the UK on the basis of family life with a qualifying sponsor. It is one of the most frequently used routes for family migration and also one of the most prescriptive, with detailed evidential and eligibility rules. This guide explains the main requirements, how the five-year and ten-year routes work, what evidence must be provided under Appendix FM-SE, how exceptional and compassionate circumstances are considered under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and Section EX, and how applications progress to settlement.
What this article is about: to provide a comprehensive, legally accurate explanation of Appendix FM for partners, parents, children and adult dependent relatives, including eligibility, evidence, financial and English requirements, suitability and accommodation rules, application process, common refusal reasons, and progression to ILR—presented in a search-friendly structure aligned with user query patterns.
Section A: What is Appendix FM?
Appendix FM (“Family Members”) sets out the requirements for specified family members of a qualifying sponsor who is a British citizen, settled in the UK (including under the EU Settlement Scheme), or holds refugee status or humanitarian protection. It forms part of the main Immigration Rules and is supported by Appendix FM-SE (Specified Evidence) and the Home Office family migration guidance. Decision-makers must also apply the proportionality framework in GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and, where applicable to partners and parents, the exceptions in Section EX (EX.1 and EX.2).
The appendix covers the full range of eligibility and evidential elements typically assessed in family cases: genuineness and subsistence of the relationship, minimum income (or adequate maintenance where exempt), English language ability, accommodation, and suitability (character and conduct) requirements. Where refusal would result in unjustifiably harsh consequences contrary to Article 8 ECHR, caseworkers must consider exceptional circumstances under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and any relevant exceptions in Section EX.
Applications under Appendix FM generally follow three pathways:
- Five-year route: For applicants who meet all standard eligibility criteria (financial, English, relationship). Qualifies for ILR after five years of continuous lawful residence on this route.
- Ten-year route: Used where the applicant cannot meet one or more standard requirements but merits leave because of established family or private life. Leads to ILR after ten years of continuous lawful residence on this route.
- Exceptional circumstances (Article 8): Where strict application of the rules would breach Article 8 by producing unjustifiably harsh consequences, caseworkers consider GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and, for partners/parents, Section EX exceptions.
Successful applicants are granted limited leave that can be extended and, depending on the route and continuing eligibility, can lead to indefinite leave to remain.
| Appendix FM Route | Description |
|---|---|
| Five-year route | Meets all standard eligibility criteria (financial, English, relationship). Leads to ILR after five years of continuous lawful residence on this route. |
| Ten-year route | Does not meet all standard criteria but merits leave based on family/private life. Leads to ILR after ten years of continuous lawful residence on this route. |
| Exceptional circumstances | Where refusal would cause unjustifiably harsh consequences breaching Article 8 ECHR. Considered under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and, for partners/parents, Section EX. |
Section B: Who Does Appendix FM Apply To?
Appendix FM applies to people seeking to enter or remain in the United Kingdom based on a family relationship with a qualifying sponsor who has the correct immigration status. It defines the specific categories of relationships that qualify, the eligibility conditions for each, and the requirements that sponsors must meet. Understanding who can apply and who can act as a sponsor is essential before preparing any family visa application under this route.
1. Qualifying Relationships
Appendix FM covers several types of family relationships. Applicants may qualify if they are:
- A spouse, civil partner, fiancé(e), or unmarried partner of a qualifying sponsor.
- A parent of a child who is British, settled in the UK, or has lived continuously in the UK for at least seven years at the time of the application.
- A dependent child applying to join or remain with a parent or parents in the UK who have or are being granted leave under the family rules.
- An adult dependent relative of the sponsor, such as a parent, grandparent, adult sibling or child who requires long-term personal care due to age, illness or disability.
- A former partner eligible to apply for indefinite leave to remain following the breakdown of their relationship as a result of domestic abuse.
Each relationship type is governed by detailed rules and evidential standards. The Home Office will expect supporting documentation appropriate to the category, including proof of relationship, financial evidence, accommodation details and, where relevant, English language qualifications. Applicants who do not meet one or more criteria may still be considered under the exceptional circumstances provisions of GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 or Section EX, if refusal would breach Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
2. Who Can Be a Sponsor?
A sponsor is the family member in the UK who supports the applicant’s visa application under Appendix FM. The sponsor must have an eligible immigration status and a genuine family relationship with the applicant. Sponsors can include:
- A British citizen.
- A person settled in the UK (holding indefinite leave to remain or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme).
- A person with refugee status or humanitarian protection in the UK.
- A person with pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme, provided the relationship existed before 31 December 2020.
- A person with limited leave under the Settled Status for Victims of Domestic Abuse (SSVDA) provisions.
The sponsor’s status must fall within one of these categories and be documented at the time of application. Sponsors with temporary or work-related immigration status, such as Skilled Workers, cannot support a family visa under Appendix FM unless applying under a separate appendix relevant to their visa type.
The Home Office will also assess the genuineness of the relationship between the applicant and sponsor. This includes verifying cohabitation evidence, ongoing communication, and shared responsibilities. The couple or family must intend to live together permanently in the UK if the application is granted. Previous relationships must have ended permanently before applying.
Sponsors are expected to meet their obligations honestly and provide accurate supporting evidence. False declarations, undisclosed immigration breaches, or evidence of abusive conduct can result in refusal on suitability grounds under Part 9 of the Immigration Rules.
Section Summary: Appendix FM applies to close family members of British citizens, settled persons, refugees, and certain holders of EU Settlement Scheme or SSVDA status. The relationship type determines which subcategory applies, and both applicant and sponsor must meet strict eligibility, financial and suitability requirements. Understanding the qualifying relationship and sponsor eligibility is the foundation for any successful family visa application.
Section C: Appendix FM Categories
Appendix FM is divided into several categories that reflect different family relationships. Each category carries its own eligibility requirements, evidential standards, and path to settlement. Understanding these distinctions helps ensure that applicants choose the correct route and prepare the right evidence to satisfy the Home Office rules.
1. Partner Route
The Partner route applies where the applicant is in a genuine and subsisting relationship with a qualifying partner. A “partner” under Appendix FM may be a spouse, civil partner, unmarried partner, fiancé(e), or proposed civil partner. The type of relationship at the date of application determines the appropriate visa and length of leave.
Applicants who are not yet married or in a civil partnership but intend to do so in the UK may apply as a fiancé(e) or proposed civil partner for six months’ entry clearance. This visa permits entry for marriage or civil partnership only and does not grant permission to work or study. Once the ceremony has taken place, the applicant must apply for further leave to remain as a spouse or civil partner.
If the applicant is already married, in a civil partnership, or has lived with their partner in a relationship akin to marriage for at least two years, they can apply for a Family visa as a partner. Entry clearance visas are typically granted for 33 months, while in-country extensions last 30 months. After completing five years on this route, the applicant may apply for indefinite leave to remain (ILR), provided they have met all the relevant eligibility, financial, and English language criteria.
Same-sex and opposite-sex relationships are treated equally. The Home Office assesses the genuineness and continuity of the relationship irrespective of gender or sexual orientation. The relationship must be ongoing, both parties must intend to live together permanently in the UK, and any previous relationships must have permanently ended. For unmarried partners, at least two years of cohabitation must be evidenced before the date of application.
2. Parent Route
The Parent route applies when the applicant is the parent of a child who is British, settled in the UK, or has lived in the UK continuously for at least seven years if applying for leave to remain. This route is designed for parents who play an active role in the child’s life but do not qualify under the partner category.
The applicant must demonstrate that they have parental responsibility, shared responsibility, or direct in-person access to the child and that they are involved in the child’s upbringing. The child must normally live with the applicant or, if not, the applicant must show ongoing and active participation in the child’s life. The parent must be aged 18 or over, and the child must be under 18 on the date of application unless continuing dependency is shown.
Applicants using this route must also meet accommodation and maintenance requirements and show that refusal would disrupt the child’s upbringing or cause unjustifiably harsh consequences. Where both parents are in the UK, the parent route may only be used if the relationship with the other parent has broken down permanently.
3. Child Route
The Child route enables a child to apply to join or remain with a parent or parents who are settled in the UK or being granted leave under Appendix FM. To qualify, the child must:
- Be under 18 years of age on the date of application.
- Not be married, in a civil partnership, or leading an independent life.
- Be financially supported and accommodated without recourse to public funds.
The sponsoring parent(s) must hold, or be granted at the same time, leave under the family route. The Home Office will consider the child’s welfare under Section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, which requires that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in immigration decisions. In limited circumstances, children over 18 can be treated as dependants if they remain financially and emotionally dependent on their parents and have not formed independent lives.
4. Adult Dependent Relative Route
The Adult Dependent Relative (ADR) route applies to close family members—typically a parent, grandparent, adult child, or adult sibling—who require long-term personal care due to age, illness, or disability. It is one of the most restrictive immigration categories.
Applicants must demonstrate that, because of their physical or mental condition, they require long-term personal care to perform everyday tasks, and that such care is either unavailable or unaffordable in their country of residence. The evidential threshold is extremely high, and most applications are refused if they do not clearly meet the strict criteria.
ADR applications must normally be made from outside the UK. Successful applicants are granted indefinite leave to enter. Switching into this route from within the UK is not permitted except in rare cases involving exceptional circumstances.
5. Victims of Domestic Abuse Route
Appendix FM provides protection for individuals whose qualifying relationship has broken down permanently due to domestic abuse. This route, known as the Domestic Violence Indefinite Leave to Remain (DVILR) route, enables such individuals to apply for settlement independently of their sponsor.
To qualify, the applicant must have been the partner of a British citizen, settled person, or someone with refugee or humanitarian protection status, and must provide evidence that the abuse occurred during the relationship and was the reason for its breakdown. Evidence can include police reports, medical records, letters from social services or domestic abuse charities, and other corroborating documents.
Applicants under this route are exempt from meeting the usual financial or English language requirements. Successful applicants are granted indefinite leave to remain, regardless of the length of time they have spent in the UK under the family route.
Section Summary: Appendix FM includes separate routes for partners, parents, children, adult dependent relatives, and victims of domestic abuse. Each category has distinct evidential standards and routes to settlement. Choosing the correct category and providing comprehensive, well-documented evidence is essential for meeting the Immigration Rules and securing leave under Appendix FM.
Section D: Financial Requirement
The financial requirement is one of the most scrutinised aspects of any Appendix FM application. It ensures that family members coming to the UK can be supported without recourse to public funds. Applicants and sponsors must show sufficient income or savings to meet or exceed the prescribed financial threshold and must present evidence in the precise format set out in Appendix FM-SE (Specified Evidence).
1. Minimum Income Threshold
For applications made on or after 11 April 2024, the minimum gross annual income required for a partner applying under the five-year route is £29,000. This threshold applies whether or not dependent children are included. It reflects the Government’s policy to simplify the calculation and remove child add-ons for new applications.
Under the transitional rules, individuals who were already on the five-year family route before 11 April 2024 remain subject to the earlier threshold of £18,600, plus £3,800 for the first non-British child and £2,400 for each additional non-British child. The transitional provisions continue to apply for as long as the applicant remains on the same route.
The income requirement can be satisfied through one or more of the following:
- Salaried or non-salaried employment income of the sponsor and/or applicant (where permitted).
- Self-employment income or director’s remuneration/dividends from a UK-registered business.
- Specified savings above £16,000, held for at least six consecutive months.
- Pension income, non-employment income (e.g. rental income, investments) or a combination of sources.
Where an applicant relies solely on savings, the minimum required is £88,500. This figure is calculated using the formula currently in place: 2.5 times the difference between the required income and actual income, plus the £16,000 base amount.
All income and savings must be evidenced precisely in accordance with Appendix FM-SE. Documents must be original or official electronic copies, correctly dated, and consistent across all evidence submitted. Failure to follow these documentary requirements is a leading cause of refusal.
2. Financial Requirement Exemptions
Certain applicants are exempt from meeting the minimum income threshold because their sponsor receives a qualifying disability-related benefit. In such cases, the Home Office applies the “adequate maintenance” test instead of the fixed income requirement.
Exemptions apply when the sponsor receives one or more of the following benefits:
- Carer’s Allowance
- Disability Living Allowance (DLA)
- Personal Independence Payment (PIP)
- Attendance Allowance
- Armed Forces Independence Payment
- Constant Attendance Allowance
Under the adequate maintenance test, the decision-maker considers whether the household’s weekly income—after deducting housing costs—is equal to or greater than the amount a British family of the same size would receive in Income Support. Applicants must provide evidence of income, benefits, and housing costs to demonstrate compliance with this test.
3. Exceptional Circumstances
If the financial requirement cannot be met through income or savings, the Home Office must consider whether refusing the application would produce unjustifiably harsh consequences in breach of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This assessment takes place under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 of Appendix FM and, for partners and parents, under Section EX.
Applicants are expected to provide detailed evidence showing why refusal would disproportionately interfere with their right to family life. Relevant factors may include the best interests of a child, medical or compassionate circumstances, or long-term dependency between family members. The burden of proof rests on the applicant to demonstrate the existence of exceptional circumstances.
In such cases, the Home Office may grant limited leave under the ten-year route rather than the five-year route, allowing the family to remain together lawfully while recognising the humanitarian or compassionate factors involved.
4. Common Financial Evidence Errors
A large proportion of Appendix FM refusals arise from non-compliance with Appendix FM-SE documentation standards. Frequent mistakes include:
- Submitting fewer than six months of payslips when six are required under Category A or B employment.
- Providing bank statements that do not show the salary deposits corresponding to the payslips submitted.
- Relying on savings that have not been held for six consecutive months or fall below the required level.
- Failing to include an employer letter that confirms salary, start date, type of employment, and authenticity.
Even where an applicant substantively meets the income threshold, failure to provide evidence in the precise format prescribed by Appendix FM-SE will usually result in refusal. It is not sufficient to explain the omission; the documentary requirements are mandatory unless exceptional circumstances apply.
Section Summary: The Appendix FM financial requirement is a key determinant of eligibility. Applicants must meet the £29,000 minimum income threshold (or adequate maintenance test, where exempt) and comply fully with the evidence rules in Appendix FM-SE. Transitional provisions preserve the pre-2024 thresholds for continuing applicants. Where strict application would breach Article 8, the Home Office may exercise discretion under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 or Section EX to grant leave on the ten-year route.
Section E: English Language Requirement
The English language requirement is a key component of Appendix FM. It reflects the UK Government’s policy objective to promote integration, ensure effective communication, and support access to employment and public life for those settling in the UK. Meeting this requirement is essential for applicants under the partner and parent routes, while exemptions exist for certain applicants based on age, disability, or exceptional circumstances.
1. Who Must Meet the English Language Requirement
Applicants under the partner or parent routes must demonstrate English language ability when applying for entry clearance, further leave to remain, or indefinite leave to remain (ILR). The requirement does not apply to children or adult dependent relatives applying under Appendix FM.
The minimum required levels, measured under the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), are:
- A1 – For initial entry clearance or first in-country application as a partner or parent.
- A2 – For extension applications after 2.5 years on the five-year route.
- B1 – For indefinite leave to remain (ILR) applications under Appendix FM.
These levels test speaking and listening ability only. Reading and writing are not required under Appendix FM.
2. How to Meet the Requirement
Applicants can meet the English language requirement in one of the following ways:
- By passing an approved Secure English Language Test (SELT) in speaking and listening at the required CEFR level or higher.
- By holding an academic qualification that was taught or researched in English and is recognised as equivalent to a UK bachelor’s, master’s, or PhD degree (confirmed by Ecctis, formerly UK NARIC, if obtained overseas).
- By being a national of a majority English-speaking country listed in Appendix English Language of the Immigration Rules.
The Home Office-approved SELT providers are:
- IELTS for UKVI
- Pearson PTE Academic UKVI
- LanguageCert International ESOL
- PSI Skills for English
- Trinity College London (for in-country tests only)
Applicants must submit the official SELT certificate or reference number, and the test must have been taken at an approved centre. The qualification must remain valid on the date of application.
3. Exemptions
An applicant is exempt from the English language requirement if, at the date of application, they fall within one of the following categories:
- They are aged 65 or over.
- They have a physical or mental disability that prevents them from meeting the requirement.
- There are exceptional circumstances preventing them from taking a test before travelling to or remaining in the UK.
- They are applying as a child or adult dependent relative under Appendix FM.
The Home Office assesses exemptions strictly, particularly for claims based on exceptional circumstances. Applicants must provide clear supporting medical or practical evidence if relying on an exemption. Otherwise, the application will be refused for failure to meet the eligibility criteria.
4. Evidence and Common Errors
The English language requirement is often refused for technical errors rather than a genuine lack of ability. Common mistakes include submitting expired SELT certificates, taking tests at non-approved centres, or relying on qualifications not confirmed by Ecctis as taught in English.
Applicants must ensure that:
- The SELT provider and test centre appear on the Home Office approved list at the time of testing.
- The qualification or test certificate includes the correct CEFR level and test components.
- The same qualification or certificate is not used beyond its validity period for immigration purposes.
Failing to meet the English language requirement will usually result in refusal unless the applicant qualifies for an exemption or can demonstrate exceptional circumstances under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3.
Section Summary: The English language requirement under Appendix FM ensures that applicants can communicate effectively and integrate into UK society. Partners and parents must meet levels A1, A2, and B1 at successive stages, using approved SELT tests or equivalent English-taught qualifications. Exemptions are narrowly defined and must be well evidenced. Failure to comply with Appendix English Language or to provide valid proof will lead to refusal unless exceptional circumstances apply.
Section F: Accommodation Requirement
The accommodation requirement under Appendix FM ensures that applicants and their sponsors will have suitable housing in the UK without the need for public funds. The Home Office assesses whether the proposed accommodation is adequate, available, and legally occupied, and whether it meets the statutory standards for health, safety, and overcrowding.
1. Definition of Suitable Accommodation
Accommodation is considered suitable if it is owned or legally occupied by the sponsor or applicant and will remain available for their exclusive use for the entire period of the visa. It must not be overcrowded under the Housing Act 1985 and must not contravene public health regulations, such as those relating to hygiene, safety, or fire hazards.
The property can be owned, mortgaged, rented, or provided by family or friends, but it must be confirmed as available to the applicant without reliance on public housing or support. Each adult and child must have adequate space, and the living arrangements must not exceed the statutory occupancy standards based on room size and number of occupants.
2. Evidence of Accommodation
Applicants must provide documentary evidence showing that suitable accommodation will be available upon arrival or for the duration of their leave to remain. The Home Office typically expects one or more of the following:
- Tenancy agreement, mortgage statement, or title deed in the name of the sponsor or applicant.
- Letter from the landlord, property owner, or letting agent confirming that the applicant can reside at the property.
- Recent utility bills or council tax statements showing the sponsor’s residence at the property.
- Property inspection report from a qualified surveyor or local authority confirming adequacy and compliance with UK housing standards.
If the property is rented, written consent from the landlord or housing provider is normally required, particularly if the tenancy agreement prohibits additional occupants. Where the accommodation is owned by a family member or friend, a supporting letter confirming consent and ongoing availability is also recommended.
The Home Office may conduct additional verification or request clarification where there is uncertainty over property size, occupancy, or availability. Applications can be refused if the accommodation is found to be inadequate, overcrowded, or not demonstrably available to the applicant and their family.
3. Common Reasons for Refusal
Family visa applications are sometimes refused because the accommodation evidence fails to meet Home Office expectations. Frequent issues include:
- Failure to provide the correct property documents, such as a tenancy agreement or ownership proof.
- Lack of a property inspection report where the property’s adequacy cannot otherwise be confirmed.
- Accommodation that would breach overcrowding limits or is unsuitable due to poor condition.
- Reliance on public or temporary housing that does not meet the “without recourse to public funds” requirement.
These issues can be avoided by obtaining appropriate documentation and, where necessary, arranging an independent property inspection report that confirms compliance with the Housing Act 1985 and public health standards.
4. Legal and Practical Considerations
The suitability requirement is not only about space or ownership but also about the practical living conditions that the applicant and their family will experience. The Home Office assesses whether the accommodation is safe, hygienic, and appropriate for the number of intended occupants. Properties with evidence of damp, structural damage, or unsafe electrics may be deemed unsuitable even if they meet the minimum space requirements.
Applicants should ensure that the accommodation remains available for the full duration of their stay. Moving to a different property before or shortly after a decision is issued can lead to queries or even a refusal if the Home Office considers that the accommodation evidence was misleading or no longer valid.
Section Summary: Under Appendix FM, applicants must show that they will live in accommodation that is adequate, legally occupied, and free from overcrowding or public health risks. The property must remain available for the applicant’s use without reliance on public funds. Strong supporting evidence—such as tenancy documents, ownership proof, and inspection reports—helps ensure compliance and reduces the risk of refusal.
Section G: Suitability Requirements
In addition to meeting the eligibility and evidential criteria under Appendix FM, all applicants must satisfy the Suitability Requirements. These are set out in Appendix FM itself and cross-referenced to Part 9 of the Immigration Rules, which governs general grounds for refusal. Suitability provisions allow the Home Office to refuse or curtail leave where an applicant’s personal history, conduct, or circumstances render them unsuitable to enter or remain in the United Kingdom.
1. Purpose of Suitability Rules
Suitability requirements are designed to protect the public interest, maintain immigration control, and ensure that those granted leave to enter or remain in the UK meet expected standards of conduct and character. The Home Office assesses not only an applicant’s compliance with immigration laws but also any history of criminality, dishonesty, or behaviour considered contrary to the public good.
2. Mandatory and Discretionary Grounds for Refusal
Suitability provisions fall into two main categories:
- Mandatory grounds: Where refusal or cancellation of leave is required by law. This includes cases involving deportation orders, exclusion from the UK for reasons of national security, or serious criminal convictions resulting in imprisonment of 12 months or more.
- Discretionary grounds: Where refusal is permitted but not required. Examples include less serious criminal convictions, previous breaches of immigration conditions, use of deception, or outstanding debts to the National Health Service (NHS).
Applicants who fall within a discretionary category may still be granted leave if the Home Office considers that refusal would disproportionately interfere with their right to respect for family life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, the threshold for discretion is high, and full disclosure is always expected.
3. Common Suitability Issues
Appendix FM and Part 9 identify a range of circumstances that may lead to refusal on suitability grounds. The most common include:
- Criminal convictions in the UK or abroad.
- Use of false information, documents, or deception in a visa or immigration application.
- Failure to comply with previous immigration conditions, including overstaying or working without permission.
- Outstanding NHS debt or unpaid litigation costs to the Home Office.
- Behaviour or associations deemed contrary to the public good, such as involvement in extremist activity or conduct endangering national security.
Each case is assessed on its individual facts. The decision-maker will weigh the severity and relevance of the conduct, the passage of time since any offence, and any evidence of rehabilitation or mitigation provided.
4. Disclosure Obligations
Applicants are expected to provide full and honest disclosure of any criminal convictions, immigration history, or other relevant information. Omitting or concealing material facts is itself considered deception and may lead to refusal or cancellation of leave under the suitability provisions. Sponsors may also be subject to checks where safeguarding or domestic abuse concerns exist.
Applicants should disclose:
- All previous immigration applications, refusals, and periods of overstaying.
- All criminal convictions, cautions, or pending prosecutions, whether in the UK or overseas.
- Any past use of false documents, misrepresentation, or non-compliance with immigration conditions.
Providing a clear and accurate account, supported by documentary evidence where possible, can prevent delays and reduce the likelihood of refusal on grounds of deception or non-disclosure.
5. Impact of Suitability on Future Applications
A refusal on suitability grounds can have long-term consequences. It may lead to re-entry bans, affect the applicant’s ability to switch into another immigration category, or delay eligibility for indefinite leave to remain. For this reason, it is critical to resolve any outstanding issues—such as NHS debt repayment or clarification of past immigration breaches—before submitting an application.
In some cases, applicants with past offences or breaches may still qualify under the ten-year route where refusal would produce unjustifiably harsh consequences. Such decisions are made under the Article 8 proportionality framework set out in GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3.
Section Summary: Suitability requirements under Appendix FM and Part 9 ensure that applicants meet standards of honesty, good conduct, and lawful compliance. Serious criminality or deception will usually lead to refusal, while lesser issues may still trigger discretionary refusals. Full disclosure, rehabilitation evidence, and resolution of any outstanding obligations—such as NHS debts—are key to demonstrating suitability for family-based leave.
Section H: How to Make an Appendix FM Application
Applications under Appendix FM can be made either from outside the UK (entry clearance) or from within the UK (leave to remain), depending on the applicant’s circumstances and immigration status. The application process is primarily online, and each stage requires specific evidence and compliance with detailed procedural rules set by the Home Office.
1. Entry Clearance vs Leave to Remain
Applicants applying from overseas must obtain entry clearance before travelling to the UK. This applies to new family members joining a British or settled sponsor, such as partners, parents, or dependent children. Applicants already in the UK on an eligible visa type may, in certain circumstances, apply for leave to remain to switch into the family route.
Individuals in the UK as visitors, short-term students, or those on immigration bail are generally not permitted to switch into Appendix FM from within the UK and must return home to apply for entry clearance. Attempting to switch from an ineligible visa type will result in refusal and loss of the application fee.
2. Application Fees and Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS)
Appendix FM applications involve both an application fee and payment of the Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS). As of April 2025, the following fees apply:
| Application Type | Apply Outside the UK | Apply In the UK |
|---|---|---|
| Partner, Parent, or Child Route | £1,938 | £1,321 |
| Each Dependant Added to Application | £1,938 per person | £1,321 per person |
The Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS) is payable in addition to the application fee. The IHS allows visa holders access to NHS healthcare during their stay in the UK.
As of 2025, the IHS rates are:
- £1,035 per year for adults.
- £776 per year for children under 18.
The total IHS amount is calculated based on the length of leave being applied for. For example, a 2.5-year visa (the typical duration under Appendix FM) will incur an IHS charge of £2,587.50 for an adult applicant.
3. Optional Priority Services
Applicants may be able to expedite processing by purchasing a priority service, subject to local availability. Current options include:
- Priority Service: An additional £500 for a decision within 5 working days.
- Super Priority Service: An additional £1,000 for a next working day decision after biometric enrolment.
These services are optional and not guaranteed in all locations. If a priority service is unavailable, the application will be processed under standard timescales.
4. Application Processing Times
Standard Home Office processing times for family visa applications are:
- Entry clearance applications: Up to 12 weeks from the date of biometrics appointment.
- In-country leave to remain applications: Up to 8 weeks from biometric enrolment.
Applicants using the Super Priority Service may receive a decision within 24 hours. However, these timeframes are not guaranteed and may vary depending on case complexity, document verification, or additional checks required.
5. Supporting Documents
Each application must include comprehensive documentary evidence demonstrating compliance with the eligibility, financial, English language, accommodation, and suitability requirements under Appendix FM. Typical documents include:
- Valid passports or travel documents for the applicant and sponsor.
- Evidence of relationship (e.g. marriage certificate, civil partnership certificate, birth certificate, photographs, correspondence).
- Proof of income, such as payslips, bank statements, employment letters, or tax returns, consistent with Appendix FM-SE.
- Accommodation evidence, including tenancy agreements, mortgage statements, or property inspection reports.
- English language test certificates or proof of exemption.
- Criminal record certificates for applicants applying from overseas (where applicable).
All documents must be in English or Welsh, or accompanied by a certified translation. They must also comply with Appendix FM-SE evidential standards, including specific timeframes, formats, and mandatory content requirements.
6. Biometrics and Travel Restrictions
All applicants are required to attend a biometric appointment to provide fingerprints and a digital photograph. This is completed at a UKVCAS service point for in-country applications or at a Visa Application Centre (VAC) abroad for entry clearance cases. The application will not be processed until biometrics have been enrolled.
Applicants who submit an in-country application under Appendix FM must not travel outside the Common Travel Area (UK, Ireland, Isle of Man, and Channel Islands) while the application is pending. Leaving the UK before a decision is issued will automatically withdraw the application under Home Office withdrawal rules.
7. Decision and Residence Permits
Successful applicants receive either an electronic visa (eVisa) or a Biometric Residence Permit (BRP), depending on the processing location and type of application. From 2025, the Home Office is phasing out physical BRPs and replacing them with eVisas accessible through the UKVI digital immigration status service.
Applicants should carefully check the details on their eVisa or BRP for accuracy, including personal information and visa expiry date. Any errors should be reported immediately to UKVI.
Section Summary: Family visa applications under Appendix FM are made online, supported by extensive documentary evidence and biometric enrolment. Fees and the Immigration Health Surcharge must be paid in full, and strict timelines apply for submission and decision-making. Applicants must remain in the UK during pending leave-to-remain applications and ensure all evidence meets the documentary standards in Appendix FM-SE to avoid refusal or delay.
Section I: Common Appendix FM Application Errors to Avoid
Family visa applications under Appendix FM are refused more often than almost any other immigration category, largely due to documentation errors, incomplete evidence, or misunderstanding of the Home Office’s evidential requirements. Applicants should approach the process with care, as the Immigration Rules provide little flexibility for mistakes or missing documents.
1. Inadequate Evidence
A leading cause of refusal is the failure to provide sufficient or properly formatted supporting evidence. The Home Office expects applicants to present a full, coherent evidential package showing that all requirements are met. Explanations or supplementary statements cannot replace mandatory documents.
For example, if an applicant claims to have lived with their partner for two years as an unmarried couple but does not provide tenancy agreements, joint bills, or correspondence addressed to both at the same address, the relationship requirement will not be met. Similarly, if the financial requirement is claimed but the number of payslips or bank statements submitted does not align with Appendix FM-SE, the application will likely be refused on evidential grounds.
2. Relationship Not Proven
Under Appendix FM, the genuineness and subsistence of the relationship are central to the decision. Home Office caseworkers are instructed to assess whether the relationship is credible, long-term, and continuing. Weak evidence or inconsistencies can lead to refusal even if the marriage or partnership is legally recognised.
Applications are commonly refused where:
- Evidence of communication or cohabitation is inconsistent or minimal.
- The couple have married or entered a civil partnership shortly before applying, raising concerns about convenience or intention.
- There are significant age, cultural, or linguistic differences not adequately explained in supporting evidence.
- Financial arrangements or living patterns suggest the relationship may not be genuine or ongoing.
Applicants can avoid this by submitting a variety of evidence, including photographs, travel history, messages, shared financial commitments, and affidavits where appropriate, showing an ongoing and genuine connection.
3. Financial Documents Non-Compliant
The financial requirement is one of the most technically demanding aspects of Appendix FM. Appendix FM-SE specifies exact evidential formats and timeframes for income verification, which must be followed without deviation. Failure to comply, even on minor points, can result in refusal.
Common financial evidence errors include:
- Submitting fewer than six months of payslips or bank statements when six months are required.
- Failing to show salary deposits matching the payslips provided.
- Submitting employment letters that are unsigned, undated, or missing mandatory information (such as start date or salary).
- Using savings held for less than six months or falling below the required amount on any date within the period.
The Home Office does not routinely request missing documents and is not obliged to do so. It is therefore the applicant’s responsibility to ensure all evidence is complete, consistent, and compliant with the specified evidence rules.
4. Errors in the Application Form
Incomplete or inconsistent information on the online application form can trigger delays, requests for clarification, or outright refusal. Applicants should take care when entering dates of residence, employment details, or travel history to ensure accuracy and alignment with the supporting evidence.
If information is inconsistent between the form and supporting documents, caseworkers may infer dishonesty or lack of attention, leading to suitability concerns under Part 9 of the Immigration Rules.
5. Failure to Demonstrate Continuous Eligibility
Applicants extending their family visa or applying for indefinite leave to remain must show that they have continuously met all requirements of Appendix FM during their previous grants of leave. Gaps in cohabitation, employment changes, or insufficient evidence of ongoing relationship can lead to refusal at extension or settlement stage.
Applicants should keep detailed records of their living arrangements, income, and communication with their partner throughout their residence to ensure that their eligibility can be demonstrated at each stage of the route.
6. Ignoring Immigration Advice
Many refusals occur because applicants attempt to navigate complex rules without professional advice. Appendix FM incorporates multiple layers of law—from Article 8 proportionality to the financial and suitability provisions in other parts of the Immigration Rules. A legal or immigration specialist can help identify evidential gaps and ensure compliance with current Home Office policy.
Failure to obtain advice in complex or borderline cases—such as those involving previous refusals, children’s best interests, or exceptional circumstances—can significantly reduce the chance of success.
Section Summary: The most common causes of Appendix FM refusals are incomplete evidence, weak relationship proof, and non-compliance with financial documentation rules. Applicants should double-check all submissions against Appendix FM-SE and ensure their form entries and documents are consistent. Attention to detail, accurate records, and full disclosure are essential for a successful family visa application.
Section J: Family Visa to Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR)
Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) marks the final stage of the family immigration process under Appendix FM. It grants the applicant permanent residence in the UK, removing the need for further visa renewals and allowing full access to work, study, and public services without restriction. For most applicants under Appendix FM, ILR represents the culmination of either the five-year or ten-year route, depending on the conditions of their earlier grants of leave.
1. The Five-Year Route to ILR
The five-year route is available to applicants who have met all the standard eligibility criteria—relationship, financial, English language, accommodation, and suitability—throughout their previous periods of leave. To qualify for ILR on this route, the applicant must demonstrate:
- Five continuous years (60 months) of lawful residence in the UK under the partner or parent route of Appendix FM.
- That the relationship with their sponsor remains genuine and subsisting at the date of application.
- That they continue to meet the financial and accommodation requirements.
- That they meet the English language and Knowledge of Life in the UK (KoLL) requirements.
Applicants must also show they have maintained lawful immigration status throughout and have not breached any visa conditions. Absences from the UK are not subject to the 180-day rule applied to work-related routes but may still be examined if they suggest the relationship is no longer genuine or the couple do not intend to live together permanently in the UK.
2. The Ten-Year Route to ILR
The ten-year route is designed for applicants who were unable to meet one or more of the standard eligibility requirements but were granted leave to remain on human rights or compassionate grounds under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 or Section EX. To qualify for ILR under this route, the applicant must show ten years of continuous lawful residence in the UK under family or private life provisions.
During this period, applicants must maintain compliance with immigration conditions and renew their leave at the appropriate intervals. If, at a later stage, they meet all the five-year route requirements, they may apply to switch from the ten-year to the five-year route, allowing for an earlier pathway to settlement.
3. Knowledge of Life in the UK (KoLL) Requirement
Applicants aged between 18 and 64 must demonstrate a sufficient level of English and knowledge of life in the UK as part of their ILR application. This is known as the KoLL requirement and can be met by:
- Passing the Life in the UK Test at an approved test centre.
- Providing evidence of an approved English language qualification at CEFR level B1 or higher, or an equivalent degree taught in English and recognised by Ecctis (formerly UK NARIC).
Exemptions apply where the applicant is aged 65 or over or cannot meet the requirement because of a long-term physical or mental condition. Evidence from a qualified medical professional will be required in support of such exemptions.
4. Continuous Residence and Good Character
Continuous residence for Appendix FM purposes means maintaining lawful leave in the UK for the entire qualifying period. Time spent as a visitor or on other short-term visas does not count. Breaks in lawful residence, including overstaying beyond the permitted period, can reset the qualifying period or result in refusal.
Applicants must also meet the good character and suitability requirements under Part 9 of the Immigration Rules, including full disclosure of any criminal convictions or immigration breaches. Outstanding debts to the NHS or unpaid legal costs owed to the Home Office can also impact eligibility.
5. Timing and Application Process
ILR applications must be made before the expiry of the current period of limited leave. Applying late can result in loss of lawful status and break the continuous residence requirement. Applications are submitted online via GOV.UK, and biometric enrolment remains mandatory.
Applicants should ensure that all supporting documents demonstrate compliance with financial, relationship, and accommodation requirements at the time of the ILR application. Evidence of continued cohabitation and financial interdependence is especially important to prove that the relationship remains genuine and subsisting.
6. Benefits of ILR
ILR confers the right to live, work, and study in the UK without immigration restriction and is the main step before eligibility for British citizenship by naturalisation. ILR holders can access most public benefits, but should be aware that if they remain outside the UK for more than two consecutive years, they risk losing their ILR status and may need to apply for a Returning Resident visa.
Section Summary: Appendix FM applicants who meet all eligibility, suitability, and KoLL requirements can achieve settlement after five or ten years of continuous lawful residence. Maintaining full compliance, accurate records, and timely renewal of leave is essential for a smooth transition to ILR. While there is no strict absence limit, the Home Office will assess the genuineness of family life to confirm ongoing commitment to the UK.
Section K: Need Assistance?
Navigating Appendix FM can be legally and procedurally demanding. The Immigration Rules, accompanying appendices, and caseworker guidance require precision and documentary accuracy. Applicants often face refusal not because of ineligibility but because of technical or evidential oversights.
Professional legal advice can be especially beneficial where:
- The applicant or sponsor has a complex immigration history, previous refusals, or criminal convictions.
- The relationship involves cross-border factors, such as marriage abroad or long periods of separation.
- Financial circumstances are irregular, self-employed, or reliant on multiple income sources or savings.
- There are children or dependent relatives whose best interests must be demonstrated under Section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009.
- Exceptional or compassionate circumstances are being raised under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 or Section EX.
An immigration specialist can assist in assessing eligibility, preparing compliant evidence under Appendix FM-SE, and addressing any Article 8 human rights considerations. They can also advise on switching routes, transitional provisions, and strategic planning for eventual indefinite leave to remain or British citizenship.
Where refusal has already occurred, legal advice is particularly important before reapplying or appealing. A professional review of the refusal notice and submitted evidence can help identify weaknesses and prevent repeat errors.
Section Summary: Appendix FM applications require strict compliance with evidential, financial, and relationship rules. Specialist advice can help ensure the application is fully compliant, minimise risk of refusal, and clarify available remedies where exceptional circumstances apply or a previous refusal has occurred.
Section L: Appendix FM FAQs
This section answers some of the most frequently asked questions from applicants and sponsors about Appendix FM family visas.
1. Who can sponsor a family application under Appendix FM?
A sponsor must be a British citizen, a person settled in the UK (holding indefinite leave to remain or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme), a refugee, or a person granted humanitarian protection. In some cases, sponsors with pre-settled status may qualify if the family relationship existed before 31 December 2020.
2. Must partners and children meet the same income threshold?
For new applications made on or after 11 April 2024, the £29,000 financial threshold applies regardless of whether dependent children are included. Transitional rules preserve the earlier £18,600 plus child add-ons calculation for families already on the five-year route before that date.
3. Can applicants rely on lower earnings or alternative support?
If the sponsor receives a qualifying disability-related benefit or if refusal would cause unjustifiably harsh consequences under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3, the Home Office may consider the “adequate maintenance” test or take account of third-party financial support in exceptional cases.
4. Do unmarried partners qualify under Appendix FM?
Yes. Unmarried partners can apply if they have lived together in a relationship akin to marriage or a civil partnership for at least two consecutive years before the date of application and can provide strong evidence of cohabitation and commitment.
5. Can a child over 18 still be treated as a dependant?
Only in limited cases. If the child remains financially and emotionally dependent on their parents and has not formed an independent family life, they may still qualify under the child provisions of Appendix FM.
6. What English test must a partner take?
Partners must pass an approved Secure English Language Test (SELT) at CEFR level A1 for entry clearance, A2 for extensions, and B1 for indefinite leave to remain. Exemptions apply for those aged 65 and over, those with disabilities, or in exceptional circumstances.
7. How long does a parent route application take?
The standard Home Office service time is up to eight weeks for in-country applications and up to twelve weeks for entry clearance applications. Priority or Super Priority services may offer faster processing if available.
8. Can victims of domestic abuse apply without meeting income or English language requirements?
Yes. The Domestic Violence Indefinite Leave to Remain (DVILR) route allows qualifying individuals whose relationship has broken down due to domestic abuse to apply for ILR immediately without having to meet financial or English language criteria.
9. Does Appendix FM lead to settlement?
Yes. Partners and parents on the five-year route can apply for ILR after 60 months of continuous lawful residence, while those on the ten-year route can qualify after ten years. Applicants must meet the KoLL requirement and satisfy suitability and ongoing relationship tests at the time of application.
Section Summary: Appendix FM covers a broad range of family visa categories, each with its own eligibility, financial, and evidential requirements. Understanding the relevant thresholds, routes, and exemptions can prevent common mistakes and ensure a smoother path to settlement in the UK.
Useful Links
| Resource | Link |
|---|---|
| Apply for a Family Visa | www.gov.uk/apply-family-visa |
| Appendix FM – Immigration Rules | www.gov.uk/guidance/immigration-rules-appendix-fm |
| Appendix FM-SE – Specified Evidence | www.gov.uk/guidance/immigration-rules-appendix-fm-se |
| English Language Requirements | www.gov.uk/english-language |
| Knowledge of Life in the UK Test | www.gov.uk/life-in-the-uk-test |
| Immigration Health Surcharge | www.gov.uk/healthcare-immigration-application |
| Check Visa Processing Times | www.gov.uk/guidance/visa-decision-waiting-times |
| Fees for UK Visa Applications | www.gov.uk/visa-fees |
| Appendix FM Guidance – DavidsonMorris | www.davidsonmorris.com/appendix-fm/ |
| Appendix FM Guide – Xpats.io | www.xpats.io/appendix-fm/ |
