This guide provides a detailed explanation of the combined B-1/B-2 visitor visa under US immigration law. It sets out how the visa works, who qualifies, the evidence needed, and what applicants should expect at the interview and US border. It also addresses extensions, renewal, change of status, and the immigration consequences of overstaying.
What this article is about: The B-1/B-2 visa is the most common route for temporary visitors to the United States who are not travelling under the Visa Waiver Program. It combines business (B-1) and tourism/medical (B-2) purposes in a single visa foil, offering greater flexibility. By the end of this guide, you will understand the scope of the B-1/B-2 visa, the application and interview stages, compliance risks, and how to avoid problems in future travel.
Section A: Overview of the Combined B-1/B-2 Visa
The B-1/B-2 visa is among the most frequently issued US nonimmigrant visas. It consolidates the visitor categories for short-term business and tourism or medical purposes into a single visa. This section explains what a combined visa means in practice, the activities permitted, the distinction between visa validity and admission period, and why entry to the United States is never guaranteed even if a visa is issued.
1. What does a combined B-1/B-2 visa mean?
Even when applicants request a B-1 (business) or B-2 (tourism/medical) visa, consular officers typically issue a combined B-1/B-2 foil. This is standard practice and is intended to provide flexibility where travel may involve both purposes. For example, an applicant attending a professional conference may also wish to spend time visiting relatives. With a combined visa, both activities are lawful provided they fall within the B-classification rules and no employment is undertaken.
2. Permitted activities under B-1 and B-2
Examples of activities permitted under the B-1 classification include:
- Consulting with business partners or associates
- Attending professional, educational, or scientific conventions
- Negotiating contracts or administering an estate
- Participating in short business meetings without pay from a US source (only incidental expense reimbursement is allowed)
Under a B-2 classification, visitors may:
- Travel for leisure or tourism
- Visit friends or family members in the US
- Obtain medical treatment
- Take part in incidental social gatherings or short recreational courses not for credit
A combined B-1/B-2 visa authorises both categories of activities, but the restrictions are strict: paid employment or formal study remain prohibited.
3. Visa validity and admission period
Visa validity refers to the timeframe during which the holder may travel to a US port of entry. Depending on reciprocity schedules, many nationals may be issued visas valid for multiple entries over a period of up to 10 years. The precise validity depends on the applicant’s nationality.
The authorised period of stay, however, is decided at entry by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP). While many visitors are admitted for up to six months, CBP officers may grant shorter stays depending on the travel purpose. The details of admission are recorded on the electronic I-94, which travellers should download to confirm their classification and expiry date. Errors can be corrected at the port of entry or through CBP’s deferred inspection process.
4. Entry is not guaranteed
A visa permits travel to a US border but does not guarantee admission. CBP officers determine admissibility and may question the traveller about the visit, finances, or ties abroad. They may also request supporting documents such as return tickets, conference agendas, or medical letters. Entry can be refused if the officer is not satisfied that the visit is temporary and consistent with the B visa rules.
For this reason, travellers should carry relevant evidence in hand luggage to support their declared purpose of travel, such as employer letters, hotel bookings, or proof of funds.
5. Section A Summary
The combined B-1/B-2 visa removes the need for separate applications by covering both business and tourism in one document. Activities remain limited to visitor purposes, with no employment or study permitted. Visa validity is set by reciprocity agreements, while the length of stay is determined by CBP at the port of entry. Because entry is never guaranteed, travellers should be prepared to present documents consistent with their stated purpose. This flexibility and wide applicability make the B-1/B-2 one of the most widely used US visa categories.
Section B: B-1/B-2 Visa Eligibility and Requirements
This section sets out who can apply for a B-1/B-2 visa, what eligibility standards apply, and the documentation typically required. Meeting these requirements is vital because applicants must persuade the consular officer that their travel is temporary and consistent with US visitor law.
1. Eligibility criteria
Applicants for a B-1/B-2 visa must demonstrate that they:
- Hold a valid passport, generally valid for six months beyond their intended stay, unless exempt under the “Six-Month Club” rule where only validity for the period of stay is required
- Plan a temporary trip for business, tourism, or medical purposes, without employment or study
- Possess sufficient funds to cover the duration of their stay
- Maintain a residence abroad and strong ties they do not intend to abandon
- Are admissible to the United States under the Immigration and Nationality Act
Nationals eligible for the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) may still apply for a B-1/B-2 visa if they prefer, for example where their ESTA has been refused, their travel exceeds 90 days, or they anticipate complex travel requirements.
2. General supporting documents
Applicants are required to provide core documents to support eligibility, including:
- Valid passport with sufficient validity and blank pages for the visa foil
- DS-160 confirmation page with barcode
- One compliant 2×2 inch visa photograph with a white background
- Proof of financial capacity, such as bank statements, pay slips, or tax returns
- Evidence of ties to their home country, for example employment contracts, property ownership, or family commitments
These documents should be consistent with the declared purpose of travel, as discrepancies can undermine the application.
3. Additional documents for B-1 applicants
Business travellers must usually provide evidence that their activities fall within B-1 rules, such as:
- Invitation letters from US companies or organisations hosting meetings
- Employer confirmation letter outlining the applicant’s role, purpose of travel, and who will pay costs
- Conference agendas, itineraries, or schedules of meetings
4. Additional documents for B-2 applicants
Tourism or medical travellers should prepare documents appropriate to their visit, for example:
- Travel itineraries and hotel bookings
- Letters of invitation from US family or friends
- Medical evidence where treatment is sought, including a letter from the applicant’s doctor abroad and confirmation from the US hospital or physician detailing diagnosis, treatment plan, and costs
5. Applying after an ESTA denial
A refusal under the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) does not prevent a B-1/B-2 visa application. Applicants must disclose the refusal truthfully on the DS-160 and be ready to explain it during the interview.
If a consular officer finds the applicant ineligible, they may in rare circumstances recommend a discretionary waiver of ineligibility under INA 212(d)(3). This process is initiated by the consular post and reviewed by US Customs and Border Protection. Applicants themselves do not ordinarily file Form I-601 for B visa ineligibilities.
6. Section B Summary
To qualify for a B-1/B-2 visa, applicants must prove they are genuine visitors with a temporary purpose. Core evidence includes a valid passport, DS-160 confirmation, visa photo, proof of financial means, and ties to their home country. Business visitors should provide employer letters and invitations, while tourists or medical patients should show itineraries or medical documentation. An ESTA refusal does not automatically disqualify an applicant. In rare cases of ineligibility, consular officers may request a nonimmigrant waiver under INA 212(d)(3).
Section C: How to Apply for a B-1/B-2 Visa
This section outlines the application procedure for a B-1/B-2 visa. While the steps are broadly consistent worldwide, each consular post may issue additional instructions. Applicants must always check the website of the embassy or consulate where they intend to apply for updated local guidance.
1. Complete the DS-160 online application
The DS-160 is the mandatory online form for nonimmigrant visas. It collects detailed personal, travel, employment, and security information and requires a compliant photo upload. Once completed, applicants must print the confirmation page with barcode for their interview. Errors or omissions on the DS-160 can delay the process or lead to refusal.
2. Pay the visa application fee
The current Machine Readable Visa (MRV) fee for a B-1/B-2 visa is $185 USD. This fee is non-refundable and payable before an interview can be scheduled. Depending on nationality, a reciprocity (issuance) fee may also apply after approval. Payment methods and instructions vary by consulate, and applicants should retain receipts as proof of payment.
3. Schedule the visa interview
After payment, applicants book an interview appointment via the embassy or consulate’s online portal. Demand can be high, so early booking is recommended.
From 2 September 2025, the Department of State significantly narrowed the interview waiver policy. Almost all applicants must now appear in person, regardless of age, unless they fall within narrow exceptions (primarily diplomatic categories and some B-1/B-2 renewals filed within 12 months of expiry where the prior full-validity visa was issued when the applicant was at least 18). Applicants should consult their consulate’s website to confirm current waiver rules.
4. Prepare for the interview
Applicants should compile evidence to support their stated travel purpose and show their intent to return home. Examples include:
- Employer confirmation letters and business invitations (for B-1)
- Travel itineraries and hotel reservations (for B-2)
- Medical documentation, where applicable
- Proof of financial means to fund the visit
- Evidence of family, property, or employment ties abroad
Consistency between the DS-160, supporting evidence, and answers given at interview is essential to avoid credibility concerns.
5. Attend the visa interview
At the interview, a consular officer reviews the DS-160, supporting documents, and oral responses to decide eligibility. Applicants should answer questions clearly, directly, and truthfully. Supporting evidence must be organised and available for inspection. Many applicants receive a decision on the day, although some cases require administrative processing before a visa can be issued.
6. Processing times
Processing times vary widely by post and depend on demand, staffing levels, and case complexity. Some visas are issued within days, while others take weeks if subject to additional checks. Applicants should consult their local consulate’s published estimates when planning travel.
7. Section C Summary
Applying for a B-1/B-2 visa involves four key stages: completing the DS-160 form, paying the $185 MRV fee, attending an in-person interview, and awaiting a decision. Interview waivers are now rare, with most applicants required to appear in person from September 2025. Success depends on accurate paperwork, consistent evidence, and clear responses. Processing times differ significantly, so applications should be lodged well ahead of intended travel dates.
Section D: Practical Guidance for the Visa Interview
The visa interview is the most decisive stage of the B-1/B-2 application process. It is where a consular officer decides if the applicant qualifies for a visa, based on their DS-160 form, supporting documents, and answers provided in person. This section offers practical guidance on preparation, expected questions, and common pitfalls to avoid.
1. Presenting yourself effectively
First impressions matter. While appearance is not determinative, presenting yourself professionally can support your credibility. Applicants should:
- Dress in business casual or formal clothing, avoiding overly casual attire
- Maintain neat grooming and professional presentation
- Adopt calm body language, make eye contact, and speak clearly
These simple steps can help reinforce the impression of a genuine and credible visitor.
2. Common interview questions
Consular officers typically ask concise questions to verify purpose, funding, and ties abroad. Examples include:
- What is the purpose of your visit to the United States?
- How long do you plan to stay?
- Who will pay for your travel and expenses?
- What family, work, or property commitments will ensure your return home?
- Have you travelled to the United States before? If so, when and why?
Applicants should answer briefly, truthfully, and consistently with their DS-160 and supporting evidence.
3. Mistakes to avoid
Common mistakes that can undermine an application include:
- Inconsistencies between oral answers, the DS-160, and submitted documents
- Over-explaining or volunteering unnecessary detail that raises new questions
- Appearing nervous or defensive, which can damage credibility
- Arriving without organised documentation
- Failing to disclose prior visa refusals or immigration history accurately
If a consular officer is not satisfied that the applicant intends a genuine, temporary visit, the visa may be refused under INA §214(b)</strong). This provision requires officers to deny the application if they are not persuaded that the individual will return to their home country.
4. Section D Summary
The interview is the applicant’s chance to demonstrate that their visit is temporary, lawful, and fully funded. Professional presentation, clear and truthful answers, and consistency with documents are key. Avoiding errors such as inconsistencies, over-explaining, or nervousness helps applicants establish credibility and improve their chances of approval.
Section E: Traveling to the US with a B-1/B-2 Visa
Holding a valid B-1/B-2 visa allows you to travel to a US port of entry, but the decision on admission rests with US Customs and Border Protection (CBP). This section explains what documents to carry, how to respond if questioned, and what to do if complications arise. Preparation at this stage can minimise delays and reduce the risk of refusal on arrival.
1. Documents to carry when travelling
Even with a valid visa, CBP officers may request further proof to confirm your eligibility. Travellers should carry:
- Passport containing the valid B-1/B-2 visa
- Return or onward ticket showing intention to depart the US
- Evidence of financial support, such as bank statements or pay slips
- Travel itinerary with hotel reservations and event details
- Letters of invitation from US hosts, if applicable
- Evidence of ties to home country, for example an employment letter, family documentation, or property ownership
Carrying these documents in hand luggage makes them accessible if requested during inspection.
2. The role of CBP at the border
CBP officers have legal authority to admit, limit, or deny entry. They determine the authorised length of stay, which is usually up to six months, and record this on the electronic I-94. Travellers should download their I-94 after admission and verify that the classification and expiry date are correct. Errors should be corrected immediately at the port of entry or later through CBP’s deferred inspection process.
3. If you face additional questioning
Some travellers are referred to secondary inspection for further questioning. If this happens:
- Remain calm, polite, and cooperative throughout
- Answer questions truthfully and consistently with the visa application
- Provide supporting documents that confirm your declared purpose
- If necessary, you may politely ask to speak with a supervisor
If CBP decides not to admit the traveller, they may allow a withdrawal of application for admission rather than issuing a formal removal order. Withdrawal avoids the harsher consequences of expedited removal and preserves better prospects for future visa applications.
4. Section E Summary
Travelling on a B-1/B-2 visa requires more than holding a visa foil. CBP decides admission and the period of stay at entry. Carrying clear evidence of travel purpose, finances, and home ties, and responding calmly and consistently during questioning, can smooth the process. If issues arise, travellers may request supervisory review or in some cases withdraw their application to avoid more serious immigration consequences.
Section F: Extensions, Overstay, and Renewal of the B-1/B-2 Visa
Although the B-1/B-2 visa is designed for short visits, travellers sometimes need to stay longer or apply for a new visa once the original has expired. This section explains the rules on requesting an extension, the legal consequences of overstaying, and the process for renewing the visa.
1. Extending your stay in the United States
If you need to remain beyond the date shown on your I-94 record, you must apply to extend your stay before your authorised period ends. The correct form is Form I-539, Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status, filed with US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
As of 2025, the filing fee is $420 for online submission and $470 for paper filing. Most applicants no longer pay a separate biometrics fee. The application should normally be filed at least 45 days before expiry and include:
- A copy of your current I-94 record
- Updated travel plans or itineraries
- Evidence of financial resources to cover the extended stay
- A written explanation for the extension request
While the extension is pending, you may remain lawfully in the US, but you must continue to comply with visitor status rules. Employment or study is not permitted.
2. The consequences of overstaying
Overstaying even a single day beyond your authorised stay has serious consequences:
- Your visa becomes void under INA §222(g)
- Accumulating more than 180 days of unlawful presence before departure triggers a 3-year bar on re-entry
- Accumulating one year or more of unlawful presence before departure triggers a 10-year bar under INA §212(a)(9)(B)
The 3- and 10-year bars apply once you depart the US after accruing the relevant period of unlawful presence. Overstaying also damages credibility for future applications. To avoid these risks, travellers should depart before their I-94 expiry date or file a timely extension request.
3. Renewing an expired B-1/B-2 visa
A “renewal” is treated as a fresh visa application. The process mirrors the first application: complete the DS-160, pay the MRV fee, and usually attend an interview.
From 2 September 2025, the Department of State narrowed the interview waiver programme. Most applicants must now attend an interview in person. Only a small group may qualify for renewal without interview, such as B-1/B-2 applicants filing within 12 months of visa expiry where the previous visa was issued at full validity when the applicant was at least 18, subject to consular discretion. Processing times vary widely, so applications should be lodged well before intended travel.
4. Section F Summary
Visitors who need more time in the United States must apply for an extension by filing Form I-539 before their I-94 expires. Approval is discretionary and requires strong evidence of continued visitor purpose. Overstaying automatically voids the visa and can lead to re-entry bans of 3 or 10 years, depending on the length of unlawful presence. Renewals require a fresh visa application, and interview waivers are now limited. Careful planning and timely action are crucial to preserving lawful status and future travel options.
Section G: Changing or Adjusting Status from a B-1/B-2 Visa
The B-1/B-2 visa is intended for short-term visits, but in some cases it may be possible to change to another nonimmigrant category or apply for permanent residence while in the United States. These options are tightly controlled, and applicants must be careful to avoid misrepresentation or violating the terms of their admission.
1. Change of status rules
US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) may permit certain nonimmigrants to apply for a change of status if:
- The applicant did not intend to change status when entering the United States
- The eligibility criteria for the new category are satisfied
- Form I-539 (or another form where required) is filed before the I-94 period of stay expires
- The applicant remains in the US while the application is pending
Until USCIS grants the change of status, the applicant must not begin activities permitted under the new category. Importantly, travellers admitted under the Visa Waiver Program cannot extend or change status, except for limited requests such as “satisfactory departure.”
2. The 90-day rule and intent
The so-called 90-day rule is guidance in the US Department of State’s Foreign Affairs Manual. It allows consular officers to presume misrepresentation if someone engages in conduct inconsistent with visitor status, or applies for another visa or status, within 90 days of entering on a B visa.
Although USCIS is not formally bound by this rule, it applies a “totality of circumstances” approach that considers similar factors. Applicants should be cautious about timing, as applying too soon after entry may raise concerns about preconceived intent or fraud.
3. Illustrative scenarios
Examples of possible changes include:
- B-2 to F-1 (student): A visitor accepted by a SEVP-approved school may file Form I-539 with a Form I-20 to request student status. They cannot begin studies until USCIS approves.
- B-1 to H-1B (specialty occupation): A US employer may sponsor the applicant by filing Form I-129. Due to the H-1B cap and lottery system, many applicants must depart and reapply abroad even if USCIS approves a petition.
- B-1/B-2 to L-1 (intra-company transferee): Multinational executives or managers may qualify to change if employment history and company requirements are met.
- B-2 to marriage-based adjustment: A visitor who marries a US citizen may file Form I-485 to apply for permanent residence. USCIS will carefully examine whether the marriage was planned before entry, and misrepresentation can lead to denial for fraud.
4. Section G Summary
Changing or adjusting status from a B-1/B-2 visa is possible but heavily scrutinised. Applicants must not have intended to change when entering, must file before the I-94 expires, and cannot begin new activities until approval is granted. The 90-day rule is applied by consular officers but USCIS also examines intent. Because timing is critical, many applicants choose to depart the United States and apply for the appropriate visa abroad to reduce risks of misrepresentation.
Section H: Summary
The B-1/B-2 visa continues to be the most widely issued visitor visa under US immigration law. It combines business and tourism purposes in one document, offering flexibility while requiring strict compliance with the terms of admission. Applicants must prove strong ties abroad, sufficient resources, and an intention to return home. This section summarises the key compliance points to remember.
1. Key points to remember
- The B-1/B-2 visa authorises business and tourist activities but prohibits employment and study
- Visa validity is based on reciprocity schedules, while the period of stay is set by CBP at the port of entry
- Applicants must provide evidence of funds, purpose, and home ties to secure approval
- Extensions require a timely I-539 filing before the I-94 expires
- Overstaying voids the visa under INA §222(g) and may trigger 3- or 10-year re-entry bars under INA §212(a)(9)(B)
- Change or adjustment of status is possible but scrutinised for intent, particularly if sought within 90 days of arrival
2. Section H Summary
The B-1/B-2 visa is flexible and convenient, enabling both business and tourism on the same trip, but strict rules govern its use. Compliance with visa conditions, consistent evidence at interview, and timely departure are essential to maintaining eligibility for future travel. Applicants who understand these requirements and prepare thoroughly place themselves in the best position to secure approval and avoid long-term immigration difficulties.
Section I: FAQs
This section answers the most common questions about the B-1/B-2 visa. It clarifies stay duration, renewals, interview waivers, and limits on visitor status. Understanding these points helps applicants avoid misunderstandings and plan travel effectively.
1. How long can I stay in the US on a B-1/B-2 visa?
Most travellers are admitted for up to six months per visit, but the period of stay is determined by the CBP officer at the port of entry. The admission details are recorded on the I-94 record, which travellers should download and verify.
2. Can I work on a B-1/B-2 visa?
No. The B-1/B-2 visa does not authorise employment or US-source wages. Only incidental reimbursement of expenses is permitted under B-1 rules.
3. Can I extend my stay?
Yes, but only if you file Form I-539 before your I-94 expires. You must provide evidence of continued visitor purpose, financial means, and a clear explanation for the request. Approval is discretionary and not guaranteed.
4. What happens if I overstay?
Any overstay voids the current visa under INA §222(g). Departing after more than 180 days of unlawful presence results in a 3-year bar, while a stay of one year or more triggers a 10-year bar under INA §212(a)(9)(B). These penalties apply upon departure and can affect future visa eligibility.
5. Do I qualify for an interview waiver?
From 2 September 2025, interview waivers are limited to very narrow categories. Some applicants renewing a B-1/B-2 visa within 12 months of expiry may qualify, provided the previous visa was issued with full validity when the applicant was at least 18. Most applicants, however, must now attend an in-person interview.
6. What if my ESTA was refused?
An ESTA refusal does not automatically prevent a B-1/B-2 visa being granted. You must disclose the refusal honestly on the DS-160 and be prepared to explain it at interview. In cases of ineligibility, a consular officer may request a discretionary nonimmigrant waiver under INA 212(d)(3).
7. Can I change my status while in the US?
In some cases, yes. If you file Form I-539 before your I-94 expires and meet the new category’s requirements, USCIS may approve a change of status. However, intent at entry is closely scrutinised, and those admitted under the Visa Waiver Program cannot change or extend status except in limited “satisfactory departure” situations.
8. Section I Summary
The FAQs confirm the main features of the B-1/B-2 visa: it is flexible but strictly temporary, with no employment permitted. The length of stay is determined at entry, extensions require USCIS approval, and overstaying can trigger severe penalties. Interview waivers are now rare, and ESTA refusals do not automatically prevent a B visa, although a waiver may be required. Careful compliance remains the key to successful travel.
Section J: Glossary
| B-1 | Business visitor classification for short-term, non-employment activities such as meetings, conferences, and contract negotiations. |
| B-2 | Visitor classification for tourism, leisure, family visits, or receiving medical treatment in the United States. |
| B-1/B-2 | Combined visa commonly issued to allow both B-1 and B-2 activities on the same trip; employment and study remain prohibited. |
| DS-160 | Online nonimmigrant visa application form required for all B-1/B-2 applicants; generates a confirmation page with barcode. |
| MRV Fee | Machine Readable Visa fee of $185 (non-refundable) payable before scheduling a visa interview. |
| Visa Reciprocity | Country-specific schedule that determines visa validity, entry numbers, and issuance fees based on nationality. |
| CBP | US Customs and Border Protection; determines admissibility and authorised stay at entry, records details on the I-94. |
| I-94 | Arrival/Departure record showing nonimmigrant classification and admitted-until date; retrieved electronically after entry. |
| INA §222(g) | Provision that voids a visa if the holder overstays beyond the period authorised on their I-94. |
| INA §212(a)(9)(B) | Provision imposing 3- and 10-year re-entry bars after departing the US following periods of unlawful presence. |
| INA 212(d)(3) | Discretionary waiver that consular officers may request for certain nonimmigrant visa ineligibilities. |
| I-539 | USCIS form used to request an extension of stay or change of nonimmigrant status inside the United States. |
| Administrative Processing | Additional post-interview review that can delay visa issuance while security or background checks are completed. |
| Interview Waiver | Policy that allows some renewals without an in-person interview under strict criteria; narrowed significantly from 2 September 2025. |
| SEVP / I-20 | Student and Exchange Visitor Program; SEVP-approved schools issue Form I-20 to support F-1 student status applications. |
| USCIS | US Citizenship and Immigration Services; adjudicates Form I-539 and other immigration benefit applications. |
| DOS / FAM | US Department of State / Foreign Affairs Manual; provides guidance to consular officers, including the 90-day rule. |
| VWP / ESTA | Visa Waiver Program / Electronic System for Travel Authorization; allows eligible nationals short visits without a visa, subject to approval. |
Section K: Useful Links
| DavidsonMorris – B-1/B-2 Visa Guide | davidsonmorris.com – B-1/B-2 Visa |
| NNU Immigration – B-1/B-2 Visa Overview | nnuimmigration.com – B-1/B-2 Visa |
| US Department of State – Visitor Visa | travel.state.gov – Visitor Visas |
| DS-160 Online Application | ceac.state.gov – DS-160 |
| US Embassy & Consulates in the UK – Visitor Visa | uk.usembassy.gov – Visitor Visas |
| Visa Appointment & Fee Portal (UK) | ais.usvisa-info.com – NIV Appointments |
| I-94 Retrieval (CBP) | cbp.dhs.gov – I-94 |
| USCIS Form I-539 (Extend/Change Status) | uscis.gov – Form I-539 |
| Visa Reciprocity Tables | travel.state.gov – Reciprocity by Country |
| USAGov – Tourist & Visitor Visa Guidance | usa.gov – Visitor Visa Information |
